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1660 destruction of Safed
The 1660 destruction of Safed occurred during the Druze power struggle in Mount Lebanon, at the time of the rule of Ottoman sultan Mehmed IV.〔Sidney Mendelssohn. ''The Jews of Asia: especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth century.'' (1920) p.241. "Long before the culmination of Sabbathai's mad career, Safed had been destroyed by the Arabs and the Jews had suffered severely, while in the same year (1660) there was a great fire in Constantinople in which they endured heavy losses..."〕 The towns of Safed and nearby Tiberias, with substantial Jewish communities, were destroyed in the turmoil.〔〔〔〔〔''A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine''. P.409. "Sultan Seliman surrounded it with a wall in 5300 (1540), and it commenced to revive a little, and to be inhabited by the most distinguished Jewish literati; but it was destroyed again in 5420 (1660)." ()〕〔〔 Only a few of the former residents of Safed had returned to the town after the destruction.〔〔Joel Rappel. ''History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882'' (1980), Vol.2, p.531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned..."〕 Sholem considers the 1662 reports about the destruction of Safed as "exaggerated".〔 The community however recovered within several years, whereas Tiberias lay in waste for decades.
==Safed: historical context==
Safed's central role in Jewish life in Galilee declined after the late 16th century, when it had been a major city with a population of 15,000 Jews.〔Dr. Altshuler, Mor. ''The Messianic Secret.'' (Hebrew). Ch.8. "The Golden Age of the Kabbalah in Safed and its economic blossom continued through the sixteenth century. At its peak more than 15,000 Jews populated the city."〕 By the second half of the seventeenth century Safed still had a majority Jewish community with 200 "houses" and some 4,000 to 5,000 Jewish residents, while about 100 "houses" (multiple family units) in the town were Muslim.〔 "… thirty to forty years later, the French traveller Roger mentions 200 Jewish and 100 Moslem houses, elsewhere in his book putting the number of Jews at 4,000 persons. According to the Turkish traveller Evlia Chelebi there were about 1,300 Jewish houses, although he probably meant families. It seems, therefore, that at about the middle of the XVIIth century there were some 4,000 to 5,000 Jews in Safed."〕 The district was under control of Druze emirs from the Maan family until 1660, when the Ottomans sought to regain local control by reorganizing the sanjaks of Safed and Sidon-Beirut into the new province of Sidon.〔"the ''sanjaq'' of Ṣafad, which was part of this province, remained under the suzerainty of Druze ''amīrs'' until 1660, when the Ottomans reorganized the province. The Maʿnīs, however were unable to preserve their control of the ''sanjaq'', and the Druze villages in the area lost their protection." 〕 From the 1658 death of Emir Mulhim Ma'n to 1667, a struggle for power between his sons and other Ottoman-backed Druze rulers took place in the region. Mulhim's son Ahmad Maʿn emerged victorious among the Druze, but the Maʿnīs lost control of the area〔〔 and retreated to the Shuf mountains and Kisrawan. In the second half of the seventeenth century Safed became the capital of the Ottoman sanjak of the same name.
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